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Introduction

Representative topics and takeaways

• Small‑signal modeling: How to derive and use hybrid‑π and small‑signal MOS models for gain and bandwidth estimates.
• Amplifier design tradeoffs: Gain vs. bandwidth, noise vs. power, and linearity vs. efficiency—how to choose topologies and device sizing.
• Differential design: Design and analysis of differential pairs, tail currents, common‑mode rejection, and mismatch effects.
• Feedback and op‑amp design: One‑and two‑stage op‑amp design, dominant‑pole compensation, and stability margins.
• Noise budgeting: Methods to compute and minimize input‑referred noise and tradeoffs with bias current and device sizing.
• RF considerations: Parasitics, matching, and the impact of device layout and packaging on high‑frequency performance.

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Introduction